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The word “tribal” or Adivasi brings to our mind a picture of half-naked men and women, with arrows and spears in their hands, feathers in their heads, and speaking an unintelligible language, their lives often combined with myths of savagery and cannibalism. However, any person having visited a tribal village will be surprised and thrilled to see a community living close to nature, peace-loving, equitable and with advanced cultural/social forms. Our knowledge about the tribals is very limited, leading us to believe many myths at the cost of their dignity. Even when majority of the communities in the world kept changing their life-styles, competed with each other and developed materialistic instincts to keep pace with the “progress” of the world, there were communities still living in line with their traditional values, customs and beliefs. The exploitative mindset of the mainstream society made these communities recede often into forests and high-altitude mountains, where they could continue to live in peace with Nature and their unpolluted surroundings. As the so-called civilized communities of the mainstream society neither could comprehend the values and ideals of these communities nor had the patience to understand their lifestyles, the mainstream world branded them variously as natives, uncivilized people, Aboriginals, Adivasis, Tribals, Indigenous people etc. In India, we mostly refer them as Adivasis/Girijans. In spite of the merciless treatment by the “civilized” men and the socio-economic perils faced by these communities all over the world, the tribals continue to live in the continents of Africa,Asia, North and South America and Australia.

The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1911, defines a tribe as a “collection of families bearing a common name, speaking a common dialect, occupying or professing to occupy a common territory and is not usually endogamous though originally it might have been

so”. Another definition of a tribe by D.N. Majumdar is that “a tribe is a collection of families or group of families bearing a common name, members of which occupy the same territory, speak the same language and observe certain taboos regarding marriage,

profession or occupation and have developed a well-assessed system of reciprocity and

mutuality of obligations”.

Can the rural tribes manage their saving? Can the rural tribes aware about the schemes?

These are questions that have engaged the attention of people trying to design microfinance products for the tribes. In the past the tribes were always addressed from the supply side through “schematic finance”, now we have reached a stage where we need patience to understand the financial status, financial flows, savings and their attributes in terms of security ,liquidity and risk-return relationship preferred by the rural tribes. It is known that not only the well to do, but also the tribes have patterns in income and expenditure and have evolved products that take care of these ups and downs in financial flows. The objective of the study was to understand the financial flows of the rural tribes so that a better design of savings and loan products in the microfinance sector can be planned.To fill up the gaps between inflows and outflows, the poor need intermediaries in the form of institutions that help them manage the flows. In all

most all villages the private moneylender performs this gap filling function .The debate between private money lenders and tribes are the common issues in the local economy.

. The moneylender provides access to credit, and there are arguments that the image of the moneylender is unnecessarily tarnished in the literature( Chamala and Sharma, 2003) There are counter arguments on whether this fits with the development intervention to be undertaken [Chavan 2003]. There are arguments that because of traditional relationships of trust, it is almost impossible to replace the moneylender, but possible to redefine the relationship by providing an atmosphere for formal competition [Sriram 2002].There researchers focus on general poor but this paper concentrated on poor tribes.

It is important to understand the roles of each of the players providing finance for the tribes and how they manage money.The most commonly used measure of poverty is based on income or consumption levels. People are considered BPL if their consumption

or income level falls below a minimum needed to meet the basic needs and wants. This level is defined as the “poverty line”. This definition differ from place to place and time to time.. Each country uses a definition appropriate to its level of development, societal norms and values In our country, Planning Commission estimates the proportion and number of poor separately for rural and urban sectors at the national and state levels based on the recommendations of committee members.. The committee members had defined the poverty line as the cost of an all-India average consumption basket at which the calorie norms are met [GoI 2002]. The norms were 2,400 calories per capita per day

for rural areas and 2,100 calories for urban areas. These calorie norms were expressed in monetary terms as Rs 49.09 and Rs 56.64 per capita per month for rural and urban areas, respectively at 1973-74 prices. These figures were updated again with the consumer price indices (CPI) in 1994-95. The updated numbers are Rs 228 and Rs 305 per capita per month, for rural and urban areas, respectively [Pradhan and Subramanian 2001; G1993)..

India has the largest concentration of tribal population in the world. The tribal are the children of nature and their lifestyle is conditioned by the eco-system. India due to its diverse ecosystems has a wide variety of tribal population. Tribes people constitute 8.14% of the total population of the country, numbering 84.51 million (2001 Census). There are 697 tribes notified by the Central Government under Article 342 of the Indian Constitution with certain tribes being notified in more than one State. More than half the Scheduled Tribe population is concentrated in the States of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Gujarat whereas in Haryana, Punjab, Delhi, Pondicherry and Chandigarh no community has been notified as a Scheduled Tribe.

As per 2001 census there were 3.21 lakhs Scheduled Tribes in Kerala State The Tribal population in Kerala State is 2 of the total population in the State. The literacy

status of STs was 57.22in 1991 as against the general literacy rate of 89.81. Major

portion of the STs are seen in the districts Wayanad, Idukky and Palakkad. The poverty

ratio of the ST families estimated as on 31..03..1 998 was 35.89. This was 48.47as

per the State Survey in 1992. Nearly 23of the tribal families are living within forest

areas. There are 35 tribal communities in the State. Among them Paniyar (nearly 20) forms the majority. The Paniya and Adiya communities in Wayanad District are very

backward and most of them landless agricultural labourers. There are 5 Primitive tribal

groups (PTGs) viz., Kattunaikan, Cholanaikan, Koragas, Kadar and Kurumbas. These

398 Groups are the most vulnerable communities among the tribals and are all below poverty Line. They constitute 5of the total tribal population in the State. As per the survey conducted in 1996-97 the population of PTGs was 16678 consisting of 4406 families. . They belong to 35 distinct communities including the primitive tribal groups such as Cholanaikan, Kattunaikans, Kurumbas, Kadars and Koragas. They constitute nearly 4.8% of the Scheduled Tribe population. There are 69,444 ST households in the State while in 1981 it was only 52,421. The present number of ST households is estimated around 84,000. The Scheduled Tribe Population is even more unevenly distributed in the Districts. Among the Districts Wayanad has the highest tribal Population nearly 36of the Tribal Population. Idukky and Palakkad account for another 26. The lowest representation of tribal population is in Alappuzha District

This paper try to understand and map the financial flows of the tribes and how do they manage their money available to them? The paper is organised into five sections. Section II looks at the literature. Section III has the geographical setting, methodology, sample size, design and administration of the questionnaire. Section IV contains findings of the study. We conclude with Section V – discussing the issues that need to be addressed at a larger scale and also how this study can be taken forward, while identifying the limitations of the current study.

Literature Review

The Governments and Financial intermediaries play a key role for uplifting the tribes in our country.The state has intervened in this segment to address the issues

of inequity from time to time. It has not only created institutional mechanisms, but also has had targeted schemes that help the tribes for eradicating their poverty and economic upliftment. However, most of the efforts have been supply-driven and have looked at the credit and not the savings needs of the poor. The microfinance institutions (MFIs) have

Financial Status of Tribes A Study in Wayanad District

A village-level study conducted in Wayanad district of Kerala attempted to map the financial status of the tribes and the funds flow indicated that the overall asset-savings-income profile of the tribes was not alarming. However, most of the assets and savings are liquid, forcing the poor to borrow at high cost. The study reveals the failure of financial institutions to penetrate the savings and loan market. It also reconfirms earlier findings that health-related expenses are one of the major causes of indebtedness amongst the tribes

Still now reliable financial services are not widely available for offering of credit by MFIs is pigeonholed into the ‘grameen’ type with little flexibility and the self-help group

type with more flexibility, concluded by (Smita Parhi and M S Sriram 2006) and they addressed the issues of financial flow.The loan products available in the formal sector do not address the needs of the poor.Therefore, there is still a gap in the needs of the poor and the offerings [Fisher and Sriram 2002]. They need money in lumps and finding ways

to meet such requirements is a challenge. Savings is nothing but the choice of not consuming cash. This is a fundamental and unavoidable first step in money management. We should look at issues pertaining to savings and credit together, to understand

the needs of the poor [Rutherford 2002].There are some recent studies focusing on financial flows of the poor. The MicroSave-Africa has done a series of studies to

provide financial toolkits for bankers and others. These studies recognise the growing interest in introducing savings products in MFIs. The MicroSave and the consultative group to assist the poor (CGAP) collaborated to study the dynamics of institutional

change in transformation of a microcredit institution to a MFI [Wright, Christen and Martin 2000]. They studied Association for Social Advancement (ASA), which is an important model for microcredit institutions planning to introduce savings products.The ASA was a microcredit institution working only on credit delivery and recovery system based on grameen methodology. Rutherford (2000) argues that the best way to designa product is to ask people about their own preferences, because they are the best judges.

. Ruthven and Kumar (2002) argue that the success of the moneylenders, deposit collectors, pawnbrokers who reach people where others fail, is in providing lump sums instantly, with no security and also regular savings devices on a sufficiently small-scale basis. There are many tricks that the formal institutions need to learn from informal players if they want to widen their client base to reach the poor . On savings, Wright (1999) argues that in many instances the poor have “illiquidity preference” which is a

committed savings mechanism that prohibits them from withdrawing in response to trivial needs and allows them to escape from the demands of their relatives for loans or assistance. It was also found that poor give importance to security and liquidity

aspect of savings and do not look for significant returns.Rutherford (2002) did a one year study using financial diaries to understand the financial flows of 42 low-income Bangladeshi families. The study revealed that better managed MFIs were considered “reliable” among the formal and informal financial service providers The factors associated with becoming poor were quite different from the factors associated

with escaping poverty. Therefore, the programmes of the state needed to get an appropriate focus [Krishna 2003]. A study in,12 villages of Rajasthan found that diversification of income sources; irrigation and information on various opportunities were the key factors in overcoming the poverty trap. The social factors that pull them into the poverty trap were mostly not in their control. Even the programmes of state aimed

at poverty reduction were unable to neutralise the negative effects of these social factors. Many times assistance from the state was unable to trickle down to the grassroots. However, Krishna (2003) has argued that the state support through poverty reduction

schemes had a positive effect in making poverty more tolerable. A similar study in Gujarat showed a different picture. Gujarat being economically sound and more industrialised, it was expected a priori that poverty reduction would Rajasthan [Krishna et al 2003]. The authors argued that falling into poverty is not just the converse of escaping from poverty but more than that. It is evident that there is considerable interest amongst scholar in examining the financial flows of the poor. Our study is different from what we have reviewed. It focuses on regions recognized, as backward. The objective of our study is twofold.

1 To understand the financial flow of tribes through empirical analysis.

2 To study the saving habits and credit behaviours..

Methodology

A questionnaire was designed to capture data on various parameters. The design ensured that we use significant events in the last decade as time markers to gather financial data on how these events were managed. We also had asset purchase and sale as additional

markers. These helped us in associating the financial flows – savings, borrowings (both formal and informal) with the ups and downs of a family,and in triangulating the indebtedness data.

Sample selection: choice of the area and village: This study has its focus on families defined as tribal. All families under the “below poverty line (BPL)” category fell into our focus population. It is not our intention to debate the methodology adopted by the state in defining the tribal. As the idea of the study is to look at how tribal managetheir financial flows This is based on the presumption that the findings would be used

for developing financial products that would be offered to a continuum of clients from the very poor upwards. The artificial boundary of a poverty line is only helpful in drawing the sample. While we wanted to base the study in some of the most backward districts in India, the choice of Wayanad was made purposively. The selection of wayanad was driven not only by its general backwardness, but also the geographical backgrounds .

Wayanad formed November 1 1980 as the 12th district and most backward district in Kerala,it is 3.79% urbanized. Wayanad district stand first in the case of adivasi population(about 36%) among other district in the state.

Design of questionnaire: For collecting household data, a detailed questionnaire was designed, with a view to capture financial flows of families over a long horizon of time. The base data were the demographic and asset profile of a household. Other data were built around this to get the financial history of the household. We collected details of income, indebtedness and savings. We sought inputs from local resource persons to include questions/ asset in the checklists specific to the geographical region.

We collected information on the income flows, agricultural land, physical assets, saving habits, loan transactions and the details of the events that happened in the family in the last 10 years. Although the questionnaire was not divided into different stages, each question collected specific information. This collectively gave an idea of the financial flows of a family. In the first part we collected data on the general family details, including income, inward and outward remittances. The second part collected information on landholding and details of other physical assets, including dwelling and livestock details. In this process we captured the information on financial transactions while purchasing or selling assets, the mode of financing and the purpose of purchase. The third part focused on the physical assets, where we captured the information on mode of financing, purpose of purchase, and its value. If any asset has been sold, we found the amount realised from the sale. By seeking this information, we tried to understand the process of acquisition and sale of assets and the circumstances under which they are acquired or sold. In the fourth part, we captured savings and indebtedness details

of the family. We also asked the respondents to rank the sources with whom they had savings and loan transactions to get a feedback on their comfort levels, details on accessibility, costs, security and liquidity of the products they used. We also asked

them the amount of maximum savings and loans and the source where it has been parked or drawn in the last 10 years. This roughly gave us an idea of the reach of the financial institutions and at the same time told us about the extent of convenience and faith the poor placed on these sources. It helped us find which of the formal or informal source provided most acceptable product. Similar details were collected on indebtedness. In the last part we collected details of the events that occurred in the last 10 years – such as marriage of the children, health expenses and purchase of assets or funeral expenses. These event details capture the financial flows involved with birth, death, education, marriage and emergencies. This gave insights into how such events are financed and managed. The questions on which we had difficulty in getting data were about health-related problems and expenses. They were unwilling to talk about these issues. These details were collected in a circumspect manner. Data were not forthcoming on some sensitive issues as well. As this is a tribal area, there is a prevalence of bride price as against dowry in the plains In this area people had a small piece of land, productivity was

low and most of the produce was consumed. The levels of monetisation were also low. Imputing a value for self-consumption was therefore difficult. Using events as time markers were useful, but that gave us the data on financial flows at the event point. However, several respondents were unable to articulate their outstandings, due to low levels of awareness on aspects of repayment and the split between interest and principal.

The data was collected using men and women investigators. We found it was better to use women investigators for data collection. Using women helped us because: – Respondent-women available for a longer part of the day. Therefore, chances of drawing a blank or need to revisit the household were minimal. – Women had the time to patiently answer the questionnaire and were able to recall details more clearly than men, and responded

to women investigators well. – Women were not suspicious and did not have a tendency to hide. However, the downside of collecting data exclusively from women put a question on accuracy. Ideally this data should have been triangulated by a short interview of the men. But due to constraints of time, this could not be done.

Findings

1 Major sources of money transaction in the village are Village moneylenders,

Shop keepers; Family and relatives, Banks , Co-operatve Society and SHG

2 General household and employment: We used data from50 households from which we collected information. These 50households had total 226 individuals – an average of around five persons per household. The basic demographics are given in Table 2. Usually areas of poverty are associated with a high prevalence of child labour. Our pilot indicates that, of the 85 children (under the age of 15), 45 were perusing some vocation or the other, mainly in agriculture, procurement of minor forest produce (MFP) and

travelling to town to work in non-farm enterprises. Of the others above the age of 18, there were only six persons who claimed to be unemployed. Only 45 children of the total 85 under the age of 15 are studying. The other 40 children who were not in school might

have either been employed in some chore or the other, which the families chose not to reveal or were too young to start work. The levels of education were low (Table 3). Wayanad is listed under one of the most educationally backward districts in the country. There was nobody who had attained education beyond the primary level and about two-thirds of the people were illiterate. Most of the employment opportunities were seasonal in nature. Given this, there is an opportunity to introduce financial products that aid the smoothening of cash flows of these poor people. The details of the employment status are given in Table 4.

3 Income: Households had income from agricultural and non-agricultural sources. The income from non-agricultural sources was higher than from agriculture (Table 5). Continuous drought for the past years and non-availability of cultivable land might have driven them to seek income from non-agricultural activities Many persons from the village go to other city to work with non-farm enterprises. Connection with the city has played a major role in diversification of livelihood opportunities. The new income streams discovered out of diversification from the present job has pumped in extra cash to the regular cash flow . High debt had also forced them to come out of the village

and look for alternatives that fetch them regular cash flows. Sometimes the income is in kind. We captured this by converting the flows into monetary terms. For instance, grass and MFP collected, contributed significantly to the income flow of the household. These were monetised. In the upper end households where the income is more than Rs 4,000 per capita we found that more than one member of the family got regular work in city. Some of them also had land, adding to their flows. Although we did not find households abandoning agriculture, Table 6 shows that agriculture is not lucrative and finding wage

employment seems to be an alternative. The households falling in the lower income group, continued depending on agriculture, and were unable to move out of the poverty trap.

4 Assets : The assets owned by the families are given in Table 7. From the list we see that apart from utensils, cots and rudimentary farm implements, there is pretty little in the form of assets that the households had. The most significant asset in the households were silver ,gold ,handcrafts materials etc . It was found during the field visit that most of the assets listed were not usually sold. People in the village prefer to borrow in times of crisis at fairly high rates of interest, rather than liquidate any assets and if they need to sell their assets they would first sell livestock but would not touch the jewellery. All respondents had a dwelling unit of their own. Some of them had two dwelling units, but the families used both. None of the families had leased out land, while several families had leased in land.

5 Borrowings: The profile of borrowings is shown in Table 8. The maximum number of loan accounts was with moneylenders. However, the average size of a loan from moneylender was smaller than other sources. In all, borrowing from moneylender

and other informal sources accounted for almost 85 per cent of the number of loans and 80 per cent of the amounts borrowed. Borrowing from relatives and from commercial banks had a significantly high average loan size. There was no significant difference between the source from which Group I and Group II had borrowed.4 It appears that SHG was not an option for Group I households. The formal sector has been unable to reach this segment of the population. The reasons might pertain to transaction size and costs. Even the SHGs were working with the upper end of the poor families. When we compared loan amounts and borrower profiles, we found that the commercial banks have a bias towards making loans for productive assets (Table 9). The bank had given one

loan for social consumption5 out of five loans made. The health related expenses, contributed to higher expenditure. The borrower portfolio was diverse for the moneylender. The moneylender had extended loans for consumption, social consumption,

health expenses, buying assets, and also to meet charges for litigation. The moneylender loans for assets were mainly for the purchase of livestock. All SHG loans were for consumption. People borrowed mainly for consumption, social consumption and health-related expenses from the family sources. The community usually funded the social events in the village – the expectation was that the recipient would pitches in when there

was a similar event in others’ family. Therefore, the borrowings for marriage and funerals were usually from informal sources. Only one loan from the family sources was for buying assets. Tables 9 and 10 indicate that people borrowed from moneylenders for asset purchase. Borrowing from moneylenders for emergency purposes, is understandable, but the larger share in asset purchase indicates that there is scope for formal institutions to step in. We should also note that the most frequent purpose for borrowing is “health-related”.

6 Savings: Without the awareness and complex legal requirements of banks most of the savings in SHGs. There was one recurring deposit account. Savings in SHGs were on the weekly basis. Many members were irregular in their savings. Even this was irregular as there is no regular income flow in the household. So whenever there was a little money available with the women either by selling the MFP, vegetables or bamboo, they preferred to save in the safe earthen container inside the house but away from their husbands’ eyes. From the data on financing of asset purchase and financing of significant events, it was evident that these savings are very sparingly used for outflows. Sale of assets and jewellery was not seen at all in the sample households. Savings are perceived to be a different compartment that was to be used sparingly. An overall look at the income, savings and borrowings data indicates that the level of indebtedness is not alarming (the figure). In almost all cases the overall borrowing was less than their annual income, and far less than the total worth of the assets they had. In this sense no respondent suffered from a negative net-worth. However, what seemed to be very prevalent is stashing money away in pots, as there were no alternatives available for savings. Formal sources were accessed only by a handful of people and they also seemed to have multiple accounts. This problem was faced both in the borrowing and the savings departments. Table 11 shows the savings of the poor in institutions

CONCLUSIONS

Mapping the financial flow of the poor requires careful investigation of the income and expenditure patterns and the most important is the involvement of the people themselves. This paper illustrates the results of a study conducted in one village of Kerala which was under the influence of natural calamities and farmers problems for last years and has experienced some rainfall this year. But that area resolve some of the important problems by way of government programes and individual cooperation , particularly pertaining to wage employment and helped them diversify their livelihood sources. Although there are

various studies conducted to identify the factors that drag people into the poverty trap, the major findings of this study are that the overall asset-savings-income profile of the poor in this village give a comfort while compared to the indebtedness. However, most of the assets and savings are illiquid, forcing the poor to borrow at high cost and service such loans. The study indicates the failure of institutions to penetrate the savings and loan market. Even if we assume that the “emergency” needs would be met by the local sources, the institutions (including microfinance mechanisms like SHGs) were unable to

make inroads into financing non-emergency planned needs such as asset purchase and house construction. There is a need for an appropriately designed savings product – a major attribute of the product must be safety. Liquidity and return does not seem to

be a concern as most savings is in a “pot” stashed away. It is important to note that significant borrowings also come from relatives thereby reinforcing the social bonding in the community that we studied. This is also evidenced in the way marriages and other social events are financed. The poor seem to be smoothening their interest costs by resorting to informal, zero cost borrowings for certain purposes. This has an important

indication for us. There has been a very strong fungibility argument for pricing loans uniformly, by MFIs. This is seen both in the Grameen style and SHG type of organisations. One of the arguments is that this takes care of adverse usage of credit (the oft-cited example is subsidy based production credit being used for social consumption). However, the pattern of borrowing and the use to which the poor have put the funds in our sample indicate that if we can ensure the end use, there is a case for differential

pricing of loans. It also proves that informal structures ensure that even in consumption, this could be limited by social systems – the example being the non-availability of finance from the social system for second and subsequent marriages. The study re-confirms the findings of earlier studies – the most killing expense is health related. This leads the poor into further indebtedness. The borrowings for health expenses form one of

the most significant chunks of borrowing. We also noticed that there was no significant difference between the upper end of the poor and the lower end in having access to formal institutions both for savings and loans and in either case the dealings with these institutions were limited. A combination of factors like information about income opportunities, accessible and cheap healthcare facilities, credit on affordable terms and awareness about the unnecessary expenses on social functions would help

them in managing their money judiciously. Although we could gather valuable information but still there are certain things missing and the study does not capture like

the relation between the cost of borrowing with and without collateral – particularly with moneylenders, long-term flows and whether these households have been better-off as compared to a decade ago and the effect of diversification of income streams in dealing with

difficult situations – particularly considering that the sample area was affected by severe droughts in the past three years. A significant gap was also found in the lack of data collected on current expenditure.

Profile Of Wayanad District

District Wayanad

Area (in sq.km.) 2,131

Population 7,80,619

Males 3,91,273

Females 3,89,346

Sex ratio : Females/1000 995

Density of Population 366

Per Capita Income (in Rs) 34,123

Literacy rate 85.25%; Male 89.77%; Female 80.72%

Coastal line in km. Nil

Water bodied area in ha. 936

Forest area in ha. 78787

Assembly Constituencies 1. Kalpatta

2. North Wayanad

3. Sulthan Batheri

Taluks Head Quarters No. of Villages

Vaithiri Vaithiri 18

Sulthan Batheri Sulthan Batheri 15

Mananthavadi Mananthavadi 16

Live stock Population (2000 Census)

Cattle Buffaloes Goats Sheep Pigs

106393 5847 38188 110 3254

Monthly rainfall (m.m)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rainfall 7.4 9.1 21.5 96.3 186.3 694.1 1163.6 639.6 258.7 206.6 101.4 26.7

Profile of Noolpuzha Village

Geographical Area (Hec) 24297

Forest Area (Hec) 19287

Cropped Area(Hec) 3330

Irrigated Area (Hec) 200

Total Number of House hold 4627

Population 23151

Male 11806

Female 11345

SC / ST 9861

Hospitals 9

High Schools 3

Post Offices 8

Banks 4

Village Offices 1

Telegraph Offices 1

SHG

General 296

ST 111

Sources: Panchayat Schedule

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2: Distribution of Age across the Sample

Year Age

1-15 85

16-30 68

31-45 34

45 years and above 29

Total 226

Table 3: Level of Education across the Sample

Level Of Education No

Illiterate 126

Literate 48

Primary education 52

Total 226

Table 4: Distribution of the Sample according to Employment Status

Status Employment (Nos)

Unemployed 62

Student 16

Housewife 29

Agriculture 60

Non-farm enterprise (seasonal) 33

Non-farm enterprise (regular) 4

Service 8

Any other 14

Total 226

Table 5: Income Details for Different Occupations

Source of Income

Average Income Per

Person Employed

per Annum (Rs) Capita Income

of Households

per Annum (Rs)

Agriculture 1,329 752

Agricultural wage labour 10,800 2,700

Non-agri enterprises (seasonal) 10,621 2,392

Collecting MFP/grass

(primary employment) 950 480

Overall Income from non-agri sources – 519

Per capita income from all sources 6843

Table 6: Income Sources: Agriculture and Other

Per Capita

Sources From Agriculture

From Other

Total Income

Income of HHs (No of HHs) (No of HHs) (No of HHs)

0-2000 6 33 5

2000-4000 25 12 19

More than 4000 19 5 26

Table 7: Asset Details

Asset List

Number

Approximate Value

of the Asset ( Rs)

Physical assets

Clock 9 940

Scooter 01 7000

Cycle 01 2000

Watch 10 2210

Radio 05 2300

Cot 24 5100

Chairs 01 50

Elec connections

(number of bulb points) 15 3500

Utensils (approx value) 17900

Farm implements 52 11500

Pump 01 8000

Jewellery (silver) (approx value) 213600

Jewellery (gold) (approx value) 1500

Livestock

Cows 3733700

Bullocks 5566000

Goat/sheep 81 35650

Poultry 41 6720

Land (area in acres)

Own irrigated land 0.375 22000

Own rain-fed land 20.5 81000

Own non-cultivable land 11.7 232000

Leased rain-fed land 1.875 66000

Leased non-cultivable land 0.375 10000

Dwelling

Small 7

Medium 20

Large 01

Table 8: Borrowing Details from Different Sources

Details of the Monetary

Transactions Break-up of the

Client Base

Sources Loan

No Of

Accounts Ammount

(Rs) Ave Loan

Size (Rs) Group I

19 Hhs Group Ii

15 Hhs

Commercial banks

post office 05

(7.8) 49,000

(17.33) 9,800

Moneylenders

( 65.62) 134,100

(47.45) 3,193

SHG

(6.25) 2,700

(0.95) 675

Relatives

(18.75) 91,800

(32.48) 7,650

Any other

0 1

(1.56) 5,000

(1.79 ) 5,000

Total 64 2,82,600 4,415

* Group I = Per capita income less than Rs 4,000. Group II = Per capita

income more than Rs 4,000

Table 10: Significant Events and How They Were Financed

Event Detail Borrowings

No of Events

in the Past Years(Rs)

Ave Amt

savings

Spent

(Rs)

Used

(Rs)

Marriage of children

13,432

1,895

11,537

Health problems of family members 31 1,955

1,281 674

Construction of house 10 7,570 800 5,770

Purchase of agricultural land 07 3,457 428 2 428

Funeral expense 04 200 – 1,200

Other 18 989 906 3,083

References

1 . Bapuji M., ‘Tribal Development-Strategies An Overview’, The Indian Journal of

Administrative Science, Vol. III, Jan. -Dec. 1992.

.2 . Beteille, Andre, ‘The Definition of Tribe’, Seminar (14), 1960 in Romesh Thaper (Ed.)

Tribe and Religion in India, McMillan Company of India, Lucknow, 1977.

3 Danda, A.K., ‘Statutory Provisions Safeguarding Interests of Scheduled Tribes and

Scheduled Castes’, in L.P. Vidhyarthi (ed.) Tribal Development and Its Administration,

Concept, Pub. Delhi, 1981.

4 . Dhebar, U.N., Report of the ‘Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes Commission’,

1961, Publication Div. Govt. Of India, Delhi.

5 . Elvin, V., ‘A New Deal for Tribal India, Government of India’, Manager Publication,

Delhi, 1963.

6 . Fernandez W. (ed.), ‘National Development and Tribal Deprivation’ Indian Social

Institute, Delhi, 1992.

.7 Government of India, ‘Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002)’, Vol. II.

.8. Government of India, ‘Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90)’, Delhi.

9 Hasan, Amir, ‘Tribal Administration in India’, B.R. Publishing Corp. Delhi,1988.

.10 Hasan, Amir, ‘Land Reforms in Tribal Areas and Its Consequences’, In H.S. Saxena

(ed.), Perspectives on Tribal Development, Bharath Book Centre, Lucknow, 1998.

11 Hasan Amir, ‘Occupation Pattern on a Tarai Village’, The Eastern Anthropologist, Vol.

XXII 2, July –August 1969.

.12. Hasan, Nadeem, ‘Tribal India’, Palika Prakashan, Delhi 1999.

.13 Karmaker, K.G., ‘Rrural Credit & Shelf Help groups’, Sage Publications, Delhi, 1999.

.14 Mahapatra, L.K., ‘Tribal Development in India: Myth and Reality’. Vikas Publishing

House, Pvt. Ltd., 1994.

15. Mahapatra, L.K., ‘Development for whom? Deprivating the Dispossed Tribals’, Social

Action, 41:3, 1991.

16 Menon, P.S.K., ‘Tribal Development Policies, Plans and programmes’. Yojna, April

2002.

17 Mishra, S.N. and Singh B. (ed.) ‘Tribal Area Development Society for Study of

Regional Development’, New Delhi, 1983.

18 Mohanty, B.B., ‘Land Distribution Among Scheduled Castes and Tribes’, Economic &

Political Weekly, October 6, 2001.

19 Nair, M.K. Sukumar, ‘Tribal Economy in Transition: A Study in Meghalaya’, Inter-

India Pub. Delhi, 1987.

20 . NCW, ‘Report on Tribal Women and Employment’, National Commission for Women,

New Delhi, 1998.

21 . Ramje N. & Bhatnagar, A., ‘Empowerment of Tribals and Sustainable Development of

Non-Wood Forest Produce’. Yojana, April 2000.

22. Saxena, H.S., and Sen, Chandra, ‘Putting People Last: Tribal Displacement and

Rehabilitation’, Inter-India Publications, Delhi, 1999.

23 Singh, A.K., ‘Tribal Development Administration in India’, Bharath Book Centre,

Lucknow (In Press)

24 Chavan, Pallavi (2003): ‘Moneylender’s Positive Image: Regression in

Development Thought and Policy’, Economic and Political Weekly,

December 13, pp 5301-04.

25 Fisher, Thomas and M S Sriram (2002): Beyond Micro-Credit: Putting

Development Back into Micro-Finance, Sage-Vistaar, New Delhi.

26 Mutesasira, L (1999): ‘Savings and Needs in East Africa: An Infinite Variety’

in Potential Products and Product Development Services, MicroSave

Africa, Nairobi.

27 Rutherford, S et al (2002): ‘Innovative Approaches to Delivering Microfinance

Services: The Case of VSSU’, West Bengal, MicroSave Africa,

Nairobi.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/economics-articles/financial-status-of-rural-people-215338.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #215338)

Nidheesh K B -
About the Author:

Nidheesh K B

Lecturer in Commerce

Pondicherry University

Pondicherry

India

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How To Revitalize The Hu Pen Industry

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R. M. Smythe & Company to Offer Part 13 of the Schingoethe Obsolete Currency Collection, December 12-13, 2007

Sat, 06 Nov 2010 08:27:14 +0000

Manhattan, New York – December 4, 2007 – R. M. Smythe & Company (http://www.Smytheonline.com) to offer Part 13 of the Schingoethe obsolete currency collection December 12-13, 2007. The sale will contain 1162 lots of obsolete notes to be auctioned over 2 days.

When it came to coins and paper money Herb Schingoethe collected almost everything, but it was obsolete currency that his wife Martha liked to collect most of all. She fell in love with the incredible diversity of issuers, and with the artistic quality of the vignettes on the notes. She enjoyed meeting and dealing with the people who bought and and sold obsolete currency. She had the skills and the energy required to organize and maintain everything they acquired. Her husband Herb had the passion to collect on a grand scale. Together they created what is now known as the Schingoethe collection.

From December 12-13, 2007 R. M. Smythe & Co. will be offering part 13 of this groundbreaking collection, with exceptional rarities and choice notes from many diverse series’. This sale features a section of Illinois notes from Herb’s core Illinois collection that were treasured by Herb and Martha. This sale also contains notes from the North, South and Midwest, including many pieces from Connecticut, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, Ohio and Wisconsin. Many well vignetted and choice proof notes that Herb and Martha prized are also featured.

Some of the more interesting notes being offered at this sale include:

Lot # 426 MA. Lynn, Nantucket, Newburyport, Pittsfield, Plymouth, Roxbury, Salem, S. Boston, S. Reading, Stockbridge, Uxbridge, Ware, Westfield, Worcester. Assortment of notes, most G-Fine. At least one altered, and many with color and nice vignettes. Some missing corners, tears, repairs, red, green overprints, Denominations: $1 – $5 & a $10. [19] Estimate $1000 – $1500

Lot # 436 MI. Brest. Monroe & Ypsilanti Railroad Co. $1. Nov. 1, 1838. (L-BRE-2-1 (Lee Plate Note); Haxby MI-90 G2; Bowen 1). Black. Train at wharf, center; statue of Washington at left, 1 below; Justice seated at right. The only denomination of this series not plated in either Haxby or Bowen, this $1 rarity will not go unnoticed by Michigan specialists. This example is from the collection of Dr. Wallace Lee, who was known for assembling rarity and quality. The fact that this note grades on the low end is a testament to its rarity. Follow the example of Dr. Lee and don’t let grade stand in the way of acquiring what is perhaps the only note available. Fair, numerous taped splits. Estimate $1000 – $1200

Lot # 491 MI. Saranac. A Pair of G. A. Cotton Scrip. 1) 10¢. Oct. 27, 1862. (L-SAR-1-1 Lee Plate Note; Bowen 1). Green. Fine, with some age toning, trimmed close at sides. 2) 25¢. Oct. 27, 1862. (L-SAR-1-2 (Lee Plate Note); Bowen 2). Green. Blue on white. Typeset; both of similar design, with location and date at the center, flanked by denomination in bold font. An extraordinary pair of Michigan scrip, these two notes represent all the listed numbers in Bowen. Both are properly issued, signed by Gilbert A. Cotton, owner of a general store in Saranac in Ionia County. Cotton was likely also the postmaster of this location as both pieces bear a Post Office CDS (Circular Date Stamp) on the verso, with the same date as printed on the face of the notes. From the Dr. Lee Collection, these pieces virtually scream of their utter rarity. Estimate $1,000-1,500

Lot # 502 MN. Shakopee. Farmers Bank. $1. Sept. 1, 1864. (MN-175 G2; Rockholt 1). Unissued remainder. Young farm woman feeding chickens, center; eagle with outstretched wings, top right; farmer carrying corn, lower right. On this bank, we can only remember handling a low grade $2 note. Machine No.2333/A. This is one serial number off the Rockholt Plate Note. There were a few sheets at one time, but the census reflects just over twenty notes on the bank. Great style with the title at the left end. ABN. Extremely Fine, spurious signatures in black pen. Estimate $1000 – $2000

Lot # 106 IL. Griggsville. Bank of Pike County. $5. 1850s. (IL-355 G8a). Red 5. Proof on India paper. Haxby Plate Note. Indian chief. State arms. Cherubs hoist wheat into the clouds. DW. AU, two hinges on back. Estimate $500 – $1000

Lot # 155 IL. New Market. New Market Bank. $5. Ca. 1859-61. (IL-600 G2). Proof on India paper. Haxby Plate Note. Man with rifle, horse, cow, sheep and boy climbing over fence, center; state die, lower left; train in oval, lower right. Lovely geometric lathework dies with 5, upper right and left corners. ABN. Uncirculated. Estimate $500 – $1000

Lot# 173 IL. Quincy. Farmers and Merchants Exchange Co. Collection. 1) $1. April 1, 1857. (IL-665 Unlisted). Justice and Industry seated, Washington. About Good, damage to edges, body hole, soiled and stained. 2) $2. 1855. (IL-665 G4). Allegorical female seated with frame. Good, body hole, pinholes, ragged edges, soiled. 3) $5. June 1, 1852. (IL-665 G8). Horse. Good, thins, stained, red ink smear. 4) Farmers & Merchants Exchange Co. $3. june 15, 1857. (Similar to IL-665 G6). Allegorical figures, top; Fulton, right. Appears to be an altered note. Fine, pinholes, tear at left. 5) Farmers & Merchants Exchange Co. $20. April 1, 1851. Hebe / Venus gives water to an eagle. Fine, folds. [5]. Estimate $600 – $1200

Lot# 181 IL. Shawnee Town. Bank of Illinois Note Group. 1) $1. June 1, 1858. Farmer and woman with dog and wheat sheaves. DTL. VF, pinholes. 2) $2. June 20, 1838. Washington flanked by eagles. VG, soiled, body holes, glassine tape repairs on verso. 3) $3. Nov. 13, 1839. Fulton flanked by eagles. Toppan. Good, wrinkled, left edge crumpled. 4) $5. Jan. 4, 1839. Steamboat, top; train, left; farm woman carries sheaves, right. Good, bottom edge crumpled, pinholes. 5) $10. 1838. Allegorical female with shield with eagle. Good, soiled, stained, piece out at bottom, edges crumpled and damaged, backed. 6) $20. Jan. 4, 1834. Steamboat, top; young woman, left. VF, toned. [6]. Estimate $600 – $1000

Lot # 183 IL. Shawneetown. State Bank of Illinois Group. 1) $1. 1857. Man shoes horse. TCC. VG, soiled and stained, pinholes. 2) $2. 1850s. Two men discuss cattle. Blue ink stamped ad on back in oval. Good,$3. May 31, 1856. Red THREE overprint. Cattle resting at river. Fine, toned, pinholes. 4) $5. Sept. 18, 1853. Red FIVE overprint. Men discussing horses. Good,$10. 1859. Men on horseback, sheep and dog. TC. Fine, toned. [5]. Estimate $600 – $1200

Lot # 784 Jackson, Tennessee Scrip Assortment, All April 1862. 1) W.H. Stephens. 10¢. (G-1242). Green paper. EF. 2) Jno A.Talliaferro. 25¢. (G-1244). Blue paper. VF. 3) Taliaferro & Mason. $1. (G-1244). White paper. Fine. 4) Robt. Merton. $2. (G-1243). Blue paper. EF, hinges. 5) Robt. Merton. $2. (G-1243). Green paper. EF. 6) Robt. Merton. $2. (G-1243). White paper. VF-EF. 7) Taliaferro & Mason. $2. (G-1244). White paper. About Fine. Taliaferro & Mason. $3. (G-1244). White paper. About Fine. [8]. Estimate $750 – $1250

Lot # 833 TN. Morgan County. Emory Manufacturing Company Collection. April 1, 1863. 1) 10¢. Red 10. Unissued remainder. Dog guards safe. VF. 2) 15¢. Red 15. Train. EF. 3) 25¢. Red 25. Leaping stag. EF, light staining. 4) 50¢. Red 50. Dog guards safe. EF. 5) 75¢. (Red 75). Train. Ex. Abner Reed. NASCA 1983. VF-EF. 6) $1. Red One 1. Train rounds bend. EF. [6]. Estimate $750 – $1500

Lot # 992 VT. Vermont Scrip Note Group. 1) Barre. Leonard Keith. 50¢. Nov. 1, 1862. Red. Tree, cow and motto “Freedom and Unity”. VF, pinholes, slightly stained at left. 2) Bradford. R. J. Bert. 25¢. Green. Styled as a Fractional Currency note. Ferd. Mayer. Unc, wide bottom margin. 3) Burlington. C. O. French. 10¢. December 15, 1862. Green. Eagle, book and quill pen in ink bottle. VF,Chester. P. H. Robbins. 5¢. Nov. 1, 1862. Blue 5 . Fine, missing upper left corner, cracking, splits and tears. 5) Lyndon. G. H. & J. M. Weeks. 10¢. Nov. 1, 1862. Man working in field. T. Groom. VG, soiled, stained, body hole, creased. 6) Ludlow. Bank of Black River. 10¢. Nov. 1862. Red 10 overprint and yellow 10. Ceres and Indian maiden. Unc. 7) Waterbury. I. C. S. Brown. 25¢. Nov. 7, 1862. Red. Tree, cow and motto. Fine, light toning, wrinkling. West Northfield. Merchants Scrip. $2. January 1, 1862. Sailor, water nymph, dog’s head, and Liberty seated. AU. trimmed close at sides, internal fold split. [2]. Estimate $1000 – $1500

“For collectors of obsolete notes, this is a sale that can’t be missed.” said Mary Herzog, Vice President of R. M. Smythe & Co. “This portion of the Schingoethe collection contains some very rare and desirable notes. Collectors should expect some stiff competition and bid accordingly.”

Lots will be available for viewing at Smythe’s offices at 2 Rector Street, in New York City, by appointment only. To arrange for an appointment call R. M. Smythe & Co. at 800-622-1880. For updates on this auction check Smythe’s website at smytheonline.com. This auction will be conducted with eBay Live/LiveAuctioneers. A complete catalog of all 1162 lots including photos and estimates can be viewed online at: http://static.smytheonline.com/ . Select “Current Auctions” in the left column.

Accredited media interested in scheduling an interview to discuss this release or past & upcoming auctions are encouraged to contact Mary Herzog at 212-943-1880. High resolution photos are also available upon request.

About R. M. Smythe & Co.

R. M. Smythe and Co., established in 1880, buys, sells, and auctions coins, paper money, stocks and bonds and autographs at their corporate headquarters at 2 Rector Street in the heart of the Financial District in New York City. To order a catalog, to contact any of the firm’s specialists, or to make general inquiries, call 212-943-1880 or 800-622-1880, or visit the firm’s website at: http://www.smytheonline.com.

Questioning The Benefits Of Hoodia

Fri, 05 Nov 2010 08:27:03 +0000

With the percentage of overweight adults on the rise, quick fixes and weight loss aids are also increasing in popularity. Gaining weight is mindlessly easy, while losing weight takes conscious and dedicated effort. Thus, despite the best intentions, many dieters frequently cheat or give up on a weight loss program before any true health benefits can be realized.

Then, any lost pounds quickly reappear and are often accompanied by additional gains. So, when someone advertises an all-natural weight loss aid specifically formulated to curb hunger, potential dieters are purchasing the product as fast as it can be manufactured for sale. Hoodia is one such example. However, like many other diet aids, the product is not as closely regulated as a prescription drug, and many people are taking Hoodia without questioning its safety or long-term benefits.

First, many consumers are actually taking Hoodia without really understanding the health significance, or checking with a physician. Sadly, many people are like sheep. A sheep may accidentally walk off a cliff to his death; however, instead of stopping to access the situation, the other sheep will blindly follow the first to similar demises.

Many Hoodia consumers buy the product simply because the airways are inundated with commercials touting it as a natural weight loss aid to curb hunger. Since dieters are usually hungry, Hoodia sounds wonderful. Since the product is all-natural, it must not contain substances harmful to an individual, like many other former weight loss products ultimately pulled from the shelves. Nevertheless, blind faith can be harmful, similar to the scenario of the sheep. Surely he will stop before coming to harm. Not necessarily.

According to a report by Leslie Stahl, of CBS’ 60 Minutes, African aborigines have used Hoodia for centuries, to stave off hunger and thirst during less than ideal circumstances. The natives simply cut off a stalk of the succulent plant, scrape off the spines, and Hoodia is eaten like a fresh vegetable picked from the garden.

Sampling Hoodia in its natural environment, Ms. Stahl admits Hoodia really seems to work. She was not thirst or hungry, even during a customary mealtime. However, her report also questions the Hoodia being marketed to consumers as having the same all-natural properties.

Hoodia did not suddenly appear on the Internet and consumer shelves in 2004. The process to isolate its weight loss properties started decades ago in Africa.”It took the South African national laboratory 30 years to isolate and identify the specific appetite-suppressing ingredient in Hoodia. When they found it, they applied for a patent and licensed it to Phytopharm” (Stahl). The implications of the last two sentences is astounding, to say the least. Why?

A license and a patent mean Phytopharm has exclusive rights to the formula proposed as an aid to struggling dieters. However, many other manufacturers are marketing Hoodia. The problem means, the other manufacturers are thieves of the original formula, or marketing a less than all-natural form of Hoodia:

“This is just straightforward theft. That’s what it is. People are stealing data, which they haven’t done, they’ve got no proper understanding of, and sticking on the bottle,” says Dixey. “When we have assayed these materials, they contain between 0.1 and 0.01 percent of the active ingredient claimed. But they use the term Hoodia on the bottle, of course, so they — does nothing at all” (Stahl).

Thus, many consumers are buying products label Hoodia, with a minuscule amount of the actual substance. The big question is: What is in the other 90-99% of the supplement? Besides being a high-priced placebo, the consumer is actually ingesting unknown ingredients, which may/may not be all-natural, and may/may not be harmful in the long-term. Once again, many diet products are on the market, with only pirated research from another company for evidence, and a stolen formula, or a fake, being sold as the real Hoodia taken by African natives for centuries.

In summary, individuals are hoping for a miracle, and many are spending hard-earned money on the equivalent of a sugar pill, or an appetite suppressant which may/may not be safe to ingest. Unfortunately, in a quest to profit off of the Hoodia craze, many unscrupulous people are marketing knock-off products of Phytopharm’s trial tested formula.

If not fakes, then the formula has been pirated. Once again, the unwary consumer believes the expensive, all-natural, and supposedly safe daily supplement is going to help him/her stick to a healthy weight loss plan. The lesson to learn: before subscribing to a new diet fad, personally research the product. Then, READ the label. Make sure the product is the real tried and tested Hoodia, and not a crook’s attempt to profit off uneducated need.

Erol Orderland writes about various health and fitness topics including Hoodia. Have a look at this Hoodia weight loss site or Hoodia Diet Pills for more information. Hoodia is a Natural Weight Loss supplement.

Death Of Internet Marketing

Thu, 04 Nov 2010 08:27:33 +0000

I got inspirited in internet marketing when I break down the claims about how painless it is to have an automated money-making utensil on the Internet! Many belief you that you can initiate “tons of money” and “stuff your inbox with cash” but yet they are selling you products after products without really helping you to make money. People need to be guided and some even promise to hold you by the hand and lead you step by step to the goldmine but didn’t deliver on their promise!

Never underestimate the bent of word-of-mouth, as further nation effectuate disturbed by the charcoal sheep who rosiness them the moon but left them in the mud, people will start switching off their minds even to genuine offers! It is human nature, once bitten twice shy! The network marketing industry has been hurt badly by black sheep and I see this happening in internet marketing at a faster rate!

Whether it is instruction marketing or internet marketing it is all about forbearance the right things and operating on these bull’s eye values: Integrity, top-notch value, transcendent quality, exemplary abetment and desirable relationship. Some Internet marketers oversee on this predilection that there is a sucker born every minute and it is their hit and run business strategy that is hurting the industry.

These starless sheep impression they are bright but are altogether utterly foolish, batty and stupid! We are governed by usual laws and the Law of Cause and Effect will catch up with them, there is no escape, you can run but you cannot hide! What you sow, you shall reap. Cheat somebody $1,000 and you can bet in the future you will be cheated the same or 100 times more! It works the same, when you benefit someone $1,000. in the future you will enjoy same benefit or 100 times more! It is a run-of-the-mill equity of living, gain useful things and you entrust accept felicitous things, do bad things and you will receive bad things.

Never underestimate the know-how of your customers, the market is always right, once you escape your credibility you are finished! I have manifest plentiful emails from these jet sheep and I felicitous simply delete them! They may have the best subject lines but once you know who it is sending it you just don’t want to read it! How can you sell something to someone who is not going to read what you send him? Your integrity is your greatest asset and that is why I pity those who think they outsmart their customers and forgot that a customer can have the memory of an elephant! Not only that, they will talk about their bad experience and there is a saying: “Good news travel fast, bad news travel faster!”

Having said that, if you are an internet marketer with rectitude and see through what you promise, you cede mindtrip out step out a 10-carat diamond undarkened brightly and attracting millions of nationality to you. Millions are tired of the hype, exaggerated claims and false promises! They want to hear the truth from someone who really cares and not a wolf in a sheepskin that promises them the moon and leave them in the mud!

People are investing in a dream, they spring to you with their problematic earned capital and they bought your training in that they presume in you and all they go over from you is to deliver what you promised them! It is win-win! When you in truth assistance them to institute money, they leave be your finest promoters!

Now with the endowment of the Internet, experienced are no secrets – what you’ve done and what you disposition for cede be common sooner than you think! There is a marvelous saying: “Sinew and vermilion is a thin veil of lace, however you live it will show in your face!” People can sense the essence of your core beliefs and your business strategy – they are that sensitive! That is why it is so important to be true to yourself and be true to others!

They are solicitation you not to report them but to arise them movement by action how to follow through it, the slightest is in the follow up and the strategies used especially on those newbies, they are looking for a simple, turnkey system that has everything it needs to make profit and not to be sold products after products and these marketers get caught up with this idea of back-end selling that they forgot to deliver what they promised! These marketers got carried away by greed and are not listening to the customers who are telling them “Help me make some decent income first and I will buy more of your products later!”

Every marketer should boost this demur of conscience! Before you header to sleep, can you flap to yourself you have offered sterling sense and kept your promise? When you are on routine giving your sales pitch can you stand proudly as a man of integrity who deliver what he promised? When you shake the hands of your customers who believe in you can you look them in the eyes and tell them you will help them achieve their dreams?

www.review9.info

Reproductive Health Management in Ruminants With Special Reference to New Technologies

Wed, 03 Nov 2010 08:26:22 +0000

Abstract

Reproductive health management in Ruminants is a buzz word called Total Quality Management (TQM). Goals to achieve reproductive efficiency means 12-13 months calving interval, low repeat breeding and early rebreeding after parturition. Less than 2% abortion & less than 10% retained placenta and metritis in in herds may ensure less that 18% culling rates.

In a developed country like USA reproductive efficiency has decreased. A total conception of 51% in 1955 has reduced to 38%. Does it speak we have to make use of modern technologies of ETT (Embryo transfer technology). The old conventional sleeve, rectal palpation, CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnostic, has to be replaced with ultrasonography, laparoscopy, DNA guided diagnostic and improved fertility assessment technologies. Various modern technological impact on improving reproductive management have been discussed.

Uterine diagnostics for reducing (COD) Cystic ovarian disease, anoestrus, reproductive losses and infertility needs emphasis. The reproductive techniques consist of cryo-preservation, sperm sexing, spermatogenesis, invitrofertilization, nuclear transfers and introduction of disease resistance and animal welfare too. The reproductive difficulties in artificially produced calves, and stress to their mothers are averse to animal welfare. Various methods and their effects have been reviewed.

A new role of foeto maternal effects of hybridization of breeds has come to surface. Various such events have been expressed. New reproductive concepts such as Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule, Endothelial, nitric oxide synthase and its effects on reproductive ability have been explained. New knowledge models, like development of ovine concepts, foeto maternal interaction, extra cellular hormone action, cytokines, relay signals and their conversion to monomeric and dimeric forms have been postulated.

Hypothalmic astrocyle concept model with its biological control system has been detailed. Major technological innovations by the author in last 2 decades have been shown as pictorial monographs. A new concept of Dairy economic Vission 2050 for India has been forecasted.

A global policy prospect of Livestock industry for India has been attempted to glow Livestock marketing competition. A possible mega role for small farmers enterprise with mixed farming modules is presented. New generated technology transfer, research needs and gaps have been identified for young researchers.
Introduction:
1. Total Quality Management

(TQM) is the current buzzword in the production of quality food animal products for human consumption. The TQM concept implies that appropriate attention is given to all facets of dairy herds management in an effort to satisfy the consumer and their needs. Maintaining good records and using computer driven technology is recommended. Goals that are realistic and made possible by adopting a reproductive health programme are:

i. Average calving interval between 12 to 13 months.

ii. Breeding efficiency below 1.5 services per conception and less than 30 percent returns after 60 days.

iii. Postpartum interval to first standing heat between 30 to 40 days.

iv. Postpartum interval to first breeding no greater than 55 to 70 days.

v. Repeat breeders of 8 to 10 percent or less,

vi. Abnormal anestrus after 60 days postpartum reduced to 2 to 15 percent.

vii. Abortions of 1 to 2 percent or less.

viii. Retained placentas of 5 to 10 percent or less.

ix. Metritis of 5 to 10 percent or less

x. Culling percentage for reproductive failure below 18 percent.
2. Reproductive Efficiency

The famous reproductive scientist and clinician Zemjanis, compared the reproductive efficiency attained in U.S.A during 1955 with that of herds maintained in 1985. The first service conception had decreased from 53.4% to 38.7 in 1985 and the corresponding figures for total conception rate were reduced from 50.7% to 37.7%. The percentage of open cows at P.D. examination increased from 22 to 27. Repeat breeding was around 15% calving interval was 13.2 – 13.4 months. The prenatal deaths increased from 3.4 to 9%. Thus decline of reproductive efficiency in 1985 or 2007 over past 3-4 decades was observed. Is it that technologies of 1955 are not able to deliver efficient reproduction in 2007 ?. During the period a huge new set of technologies came into existence. Is that we need to incorporate new technology refinement in herd management especially reproductive ability ?. Should we go beyond traditional rectal palpation or sleeves and visits to new monitoring and evaluation through ultrasonic or other new technology?. A variety of application of new technologies are needed for heat detection. CL evaluation, reproductive disease diagnosis, semen evaluation, pregnancy diagnosis, infertility and other reproductive losses. This is where we need “Reproductive health Management through new techniques”. (Zem janis, 1987)
3. Uterine Diagnostics

The Uterine Condition can be disgnosed by Rectal palpation, vaginal speculum examination, uterine swab culture, uterine biopsy, ultrasonic imaging of uterus and ovaries, and progesterone testing. Abnormal postpartum cows are identified based on uterine horn size and texture in addition to vulvar discharge. Cows identified as abnormal are treated, with intrauterine infusion of antibiotics, antiseptics, chemical irritants, prostaglandin injection, or a combination of these agents. Most cows (>80%) should ovulate by 30 days postcalving. Cystic ovarian disease (COD) may occur in 5 to 10% of cows postpartum and delay first ovulation and first breeding. Anestrous cows will have small inactive ovaries with little change over sequential examinations. Follicles <15 mm in diameter may be found on examination, but fail to ovulate. Diagnosis of pregnancy at 35 days has enhanced value compared to 45 days or later. Pregnancy exam at 35 days reduces days between breeding and the percentage of cows over 48 days between breeding. (Ferguson, 1995)
4. Reproductive Biotechniques:

Based on the progress in scientific knowledge of endocrinology, reproductive physio- biology and embryology during the last fifty years, new bio-techniques have been developed and introduced into animal breeding and husbandry. Among them are oestrussynchronisation / ovulation induction, artificial insemination, multiple ovulation induction, embryo transfer (MOET), in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning by nuclear transfer. The aims of these reproductive technologies were initially to speed up the genetic improvements of farm animals by the increase of offspring of selected males and females, and the reduction of the generation intervals. The techniques of cloning by nuclear transfer applied for experimental purposes, have the prospect of more practical implementation in near future. The uniformity of herds for an early management or for the multiplication of transgenic animals after gene-targeting shall be its outcome. Within the farm animal biotechnologies, animal welfare should receive special attention. Transfer of embryos into dairy cows may lead to more dystocia. Intrauterine insemination via laparoscopy or laparotomy with minimal anaesthesia by breeder organizations operates stress in animals.

Both multiple ovulation induction and embryo transfer are generally accepted technically. However the transfer of embryos after multiple ovulation increase in embryonic death, larger calves with longer gestation times, and more dystocia (van wagtendo et al 2000). Some of the biotechnologies used in modern animal reproduction management can be summarized and named as :
5. Reproductive Techniques:

Reproductive techniques have been reviewed, wani, 2004 and are briefly reproduced as :
i. Ist Generation Reproductive Technologies:

a. Artificial insemination technology

b. Cryo-preservation Techniques.

c. Sperm sexing

d. Opportune time insemination

e. Spermatogenesis.
ii. 2nd Generation Reproductive Technologies

a. Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer (MOET).

b. Embryo Development Blocks.

c. Embryo Flushing & evaluation.

d. Embryo preservation and culture.
iii. 3rd Generation Reproductive Technologies

a. Invitro fertilization (IVF)

b. Clonning Techniques.
iv. Future Generation Reproductive Technologies

a. Stem cell technology

b. Embryonic cell lines.

c. Pro-nuclear microinjections

d. Nuclear Transfers

e. Viral Mediated Transgenesis
v. Reproduction Biotechnology application

a. New animal products.

b. Profitable production traits.

c. Disease resistance

d. Animal welfare and protection.

Successful somatic cloned animal production has been reported in various domesticated species, including cattle; however it is associated with a high rate of pregnancy failure. The low cloning yield could possibly arise from either an abnormal and / or poorly developed placenta. In comparison to control cows, fewer placentomes were found in somatic cell nuclearrecipient (NT) cows at day 60 of gestation, suggesting a retardation of fetal /placental growth in these animals. NT cows not only had fewer numbers of chorionic villi but also had poorly developed caruncles. Macroscopic examination revealed a typical development of the placentomes in terms of shape and size. Histological disruption of chorionic villi and caruncular septum was found in NT cows. Of particular interest was that the expression of genes, as well as proteins in the placentome, was disparate between NT and artificially inseminated cows, especially placental lactogen (PL) and pregnancy associated glycoprotein (PAG). In contrast, prolactin-related protein (PRP-I) signals were comparable across cows, including NT cows carrying immotile fetuses. The expression of extracellular matrix degrading molecule, heparanase (HPA) in NT cows was divergent from that of control cows. Microarray data suggest that gene expression was disorientated in early stages of implantation in NT cows, but this was eliminated with progression of gestation. These findings strongly support a delay in trophoblast development during early stages of placentation in NT cows, and suggest that placental specific proteins, including PLs, PAGs, and HPA are key indicators for the aberration of gestation and placental function in cows. (Kruip and Van Re, 2008)

There is a large body of evidence demonstrating that, in comparison with in vivo programme controls, the size and weight of IVP calves is higher (30% over 50 kg), the gestation period is longer, the % dystocia and the incidence of caesarean sections is much high. The % abortions and perinatal death are also higher (Behboodi et al, 1995; Kruip and Den Daas 1995; Wagtendon-de Leeuw et al. 1998; 2000). In general the calves are less active (Reinders et al. 1995). In addition the % of hydroallantois and congenital malformation including abnormal limbs and spinal cords, is increased in IVP calves and lambs. Taking together these problems are defined as the large offspring syndrome (LOS) (Young 1998). (Farin & Farin; 1995) and Sinclair et al. (1997) found a differential growth of organs (liver, heart , kidneys and adrenal gland) after IVP. Postnatally too some IVP calves anomalies were observed. (deRoos et al.2000)

MOET, including synchronization and induction of oestrus and AI, as well as IVP,NT are sometimes with serious consequences. We suggest (potential) risks of biotechnologies for farm animal welfare should be systematically assessed. The type of research should be multidisciplinary and should make use of appropriate scientifically valid experimental designs and protocols. Results obtained accordingly in developing and using the safest biotechnological methods and procedures. Technological progress which is ethically justified and beneficial for society in general the scientific and agricultural community i,e made use of for increased productivity.
6. New Concepts
Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule:

Many years scientists in reproductive research talked of endothelium-derived relaxing Factor (EDRF). This was thought to be a signaling molecule. The discovery that EDRF was in fact nitric oxide (NO). Over 60,000 papers have been published in last 10 years on NO. Nobel prize of 1998 was on this discovery. Nitric oxide is responsible for neurotransmission, immune defence, cell death, (apoptosis) and cell motility. It has a half life of few seconds. Enzyme producing it are (NOS) nitric oxide synthases (Phil, 2007).

Nitric Oxide being a small molecule, diffuses rapidly across cell membrane. Its diffusion distances can be several hundred microns and its biological effects are mediated through a range of targets as haem groups, cysteine residues, iron or zinc clusters.

Nitric oxide (NO) is now recognized as an important intracellular and inter cellular messenger. It relaxes uterine tissues, by inhibiting uterine contractility. Thus, by reducing uterine movement it helps in uterine quiescence. This is habitual of progesterones and antignostic to PGF2 alpha. NO has also a role in ovulation by interplaying ovarian steriodogenesis and prostaglandins.

Progesterone synthesis is reported to have increased in NO dose dependent rats (Yuan et al, 1999) Nitric oxide decreases oestradiol secretion in rats. It is established that NO plays a role in endothelium dependent vascular relaxation, phagocytic cell cytotoxicity, cenbtral nervous system neurotransmission and uterine relaxation (Moha et al, 2001). Granulosa cells and luteal cells in the rat ovary synthesize nitric oxide. Preovulatory follicles in their theca and stromal cell layers have enzyme synthesis. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOSIII) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS II) are among these enzymes.

Nitric Oxide is a fast acting signal which has the capacity to block entrance of blood components into follicular fluid. New concept of NOS system operating in ovulation and follicular rupture is now postulated. NOS acts via vascular dilation and ovulatory leukocyte distribution. The reorganization of follicular rupture and formation of corpora lutea requires nitric oxide. Thus, NO is having a role in ovarian physiology and steriodogenesis.

A neuropathway may be evinced in future. There is evidence of hypothalmic NOS – containing neurons, that regulate LH. Moreover, NOS containing (NERVE) fibers have also been found in rats. Does NO act as a local modulator of steriodogenesis? as many of its actions are mediated by Iron-containing enzymes, like guanylate cyclase and cyclo oxygene. The upregulation of progesterone and down regulation of oestradiol production in ovaries is now ascribed to NOS – system. NO may act by binding to the iron-sulphur moiety of the enzymes involved in the process of steriodiogenesis and effecting their production. (Yuan et al, 1999; Motta et al. 2001).
7. New Knowledge models
a. Development of Ovine conceptus

? Protective covering on caruncles

? Protective mucin covering.

? 18th day transitory attachment.

? 39th day cotyledons appear.

? 40th day projections from elongated Blastocysts into caruncular Epithelia.

? 42th day syncytial formation.

? 48th day attachment fixed as placentomes.

? Non-invasive attachment.

? Invasive attachment post 40th day.

? 80th Day of Gestation – placentomes, – structured appearance of recognizable individual cotyledons & caruncles disappear.

? Intra caruncular and caruncular cotyledonary attachment is supported by evidence from:

• Histological change

• Progesterone / Estrogen receptors

• Biochemical & Morphological evidences.

(Khatoon, 2007 – M.V.Sc thesis)
b. Foeto maternal interaction Transitory attachment

Binucleate cells (Gestation day) 18

Proliferation of Endometrial cells

E2/P4 receptors

Growth factors.

Progesterone receptors increase with gestation progress.

? Estrogen E2 receptors almost constant during pregnancy.

? Increased E/P ratio.

? Fluctuations in mineral, glucose, enzyme and proteins.

? Vaginal, cervical and uterine epithelial changes observed as pregnancy progressed.
C. Extracellular hormones actions (Concept by Canadian Scientists)
Growth factor or Cytokines …… Transcription of genes through specific receptor ….. Intracellular signaling molecules (Groner, 2002).

Conversion Monomeric to Dimeric form

Modus: Tyrosine phosphorylation

D. Hypothalmic astrocytes Employ ….. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF) Directly to regulate GnRH ….. controls … Sexual maturation … & …. Adult reproduction functions

This is what we name now as: Astrocyte – GnRH – Neuron signaling Pathway

Techniques used : Situ hybridization immunohistochemistry … … Motion communication processes.
Bouret et al, 2004 France

E. Biological Control
Multiple signals …. Receptivity or un-receptivity (Ringo et al, 1996 – U.S.A) Hypothalmo –pituitary – gonodotrophic – axis …. Mid gestation develops in sheep – late gestation … GnRH neuron centers develop in pregnancy or during foetal life … Only Maturational changes occur at Puberty – so as to form a GnRH neuronal system.

F. Hypothalmo – pictuitory – somatorophic axis begin in fetal life

Midgestation …. But Growth hormone R.H neuronal system does not develop until 10 weeks after birth. (Polkowska, 1995) Poland

8. “Major Technological Advances by author in last 10 years”

i. An attempt using ovaries and sperms from slaughtered sheep for invitro -fertilization and invitro-maturation techniques were used to produce morula. fig.1. These techniques innovated and published have aroused world wide recognitions, as awards. This work has been cited by Histcite-Index Lan wilmut founder of Dolly, the Sheep. (wani & wani,2000, 2003). In this era of biosafety and international Zoo and phyto sanitation, an attempt was made to limit bacterial and microbial loads in semen. Invitro bacterial sensitivity and bacterial load of semen was reported, (Seh et al 2000) (Koul 2002) which stimulated a new era of biosafety of gametes and higher fertility rates in cattle.

ii. The hitherto untapped research area of pre-natal development of ovine foetus was attempted (Mufti et al 2000, Wani and Buchoo, 1990). The investigation aroused much interest and citations. Very few studies on this area are available in world. This study is of great value for human and animal health. It has been further investigated during last few years. For the first time in world we have presented the mammalian foeto maternal union in its true form. This is an indirect association. A new concept of foetal growth, differentiation, foetal cotyledons within the elongated blastocysts has aroused the hope for preparation of a Invitro-Foetal –Development Model. (Wani,et al, 2006a, 2006b). These new concepts were presented in International conferences on Genomic and Proteomic concepts. The models were highly appreciated for use in various drug – gene – disease control interactions. (Wani et al,2006c; d;e). The binuclear and hybrid nuclear cells have been identified to specify syncytia & related mechanisms of foeto-maternal attachments. Fig.2. These concepts shall revolutionize disease resistance, control and prevention.

iii. We tried fish ovarian extract ( waste material) to replace costly synthetic hormones. This is ready for patatening. Laparoscopy for ovarian prediction along with ultrasonic use for pregnancy diagnosis in Sheep & goats was innovated and perfected . (Wani et al, 1998; Mufti et al, 1998).The use of hcG for improving lambing rates (Wani et al 2000) and use of laparoscopy for ovulation detection are new replications of our earlier investigations (Buchoo et al 2000).World famous Elsevier / Academic Press invited me to write a paper for Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences Vol II PP 1259-1270. The only Asian to be invited to contribute on Goat Management Systems is in itself significant achievement summed up by the world famous Prof. John R.Campbell, the president Emeritus of Oklahama State University as “World renowned disciplinary expert, Wise and excellent author”. Our work on Economics of Pashmina goats and their Genetic characterization has been applauded by world famous Scientists and has helped Pashmina Industry in Ladakh to produce fine pashmina.

iv. Our recent prenatal and research on foeto maternal interactions is one of its unique in the world. Various gynaecological land marks, placental and immunological barriers, caruncle, cotyledon development and their association is of unique nature and can be reviewed in Fig 1-10.

9. Dairy Economics:

Dairy Farming in particular and Livestock enterprises in General suffer from two problems:

1. Higher production and maintenance cost

2. Low market prices of livestock products

Global milk pricing varies with Dairy Farm Structures. Dairy Farm Structures are either small 2-5 animal farms as ours or large more than 50 or 100. The countries like USA, EU, Canada, Isreal, Hungry, USA, South America and Oceania have large farm structures. Except Oceania none produce milk at world market price of 15-22 dollar a quintal. Thereby, signifying large farm structures are not always economical. Our small holding size of dairy structure is more competitive than West. This advantage needs to be harvested under WTO-Liberalization Global System. Should this need strengthening of small farmer’s co-operative? Do we needs implementation of small farmer friendly policies. The sale of 1 litre of milk in India is less than a litre of water. This needs serious consideration by our planning commission.

a. Higher Production Costs

The costs of milk production are high in Scandinavian Countries and Spain. The yesterday giants are todays loosers. The highest production price is also in counties like Hungary, Czech Republic, Isreal, Bangladesh, Thailand and parts of China. Their cost of production is more than global average cost of production viz 15-22 dollars/quintal. Those who produce at world market prices of 15-22 dollars include Estonia, Poland, Chile, Brazil, India, Vietnam and Oceania. Thus, we have tough competition with these nations to gain export markets. The Switzerland, Norway and Canada produce milk at much higher price than EU and USA, their markets in middle east are our export pastures.

b. Lower Milk Prices

The low milk prices than world market averages are in Argentina and Pakistan. However, they have distribution advantage rather than production axis, as farmers demorcating forums are non-existant. As such they may not pose any competition with us. We have export advantage in Asia as our other neighbour China too produces milk at higher costs. We must prepare ourselves as “Future milk Exporters in Asia”. This needs a preparation for zoo-sanitation and export oriented shift in policy decision.

c. North-West-Export-Zone

The northern-west states have self sufficiency in milk. We have to make this North-West-Zone comprising of J&K, H.P., Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat as our potential milk export-zone. We will have to induce mission modes for its animal disease-free-status, so that we meet international-zoo-Sanitary standards. Poor zoo-sanitation is our major block to exports of milk. Outreach to farmers on these lines is suggested.

10. Global meat industry:

The next thrust area under transfer of technology has to make India “major meat exporting” country. The global meat industry is slowly moving in the hands of Brasallians and Chinese farmers. Thanks to our vegetarian majority diets we too are on run. Against, daily needs of 25g/person/day we produce only half of it on per capita basis, but our advantage with goat meat abundance can differentiate our export potential from the rest. Even global super powers USA have more demand for Cheron than what is produced. A policy change and frame work has to be drafted. Our product technology packaging and consumer preferences have to be webbed through transfer of technology to export concerns in particular and in general to home users. The focus has to be centered around hygienic meat production, ecological preservation, processing and product technology. This in principle means “reshaping livestock range and forage management” through effective communication and transfer of technology across its terminal and potential users and beneficiaries.

11. Generated Technology Transfer

We have to lead in Embryo transfer technology in Asia as has been done by us in dissemination of AI technology, in collaboration with Swedish expertise. Many international experiences are needed in this and other Transfer of Technology missions. We need bio-technological links to be developed with industry and user departments. Licensing in service mode is desired in technology transfer. We can do it on Cornell University pattern. Strengthening pre-clinical, clinical and basic diagnostic skills to glow animal science Institutes as a word referral clinical centers. This would need emphasis on technician training facilities for physiology, Reproduction, AI, Biochemistry neurosciences, biology and like. Linking, research and extension, faculty, students and farmers under KVK pattern are needed for quick animal science technology transfer. The referral TOT in animal sciences is ready to be switched on in the following area in next few years.

? Rapid diagnostic tools and techniques

? Tannin degradation technology and low- cost feed packaging

? High security disease prevalence checks. May be its sharing of emerging disease pattern with public health experts give us better dividends.

? Biotechniques for germplasm propagation and improvements.

12. In short we need Emphasis on

? Global-food- system-chain-factors(GFSCF)

? Research on competitive comparative health and disease (CCDH)

? Internationalize Veterinary and animal science education.

? Out reach for global farming through TOT.(Transfer of Technology)

13. Future Research Needs or Gaps

• Avoiding emerging diseases threats

• Refined disease diagnostics

• Drug – disease – targeting.

International Zoo-Sanitation regulations and product safety measures to fit us in Global – food – chain – operative systems.

14. Future Research Targets

i. Targeted gene delivery.

ii. Neuroregulatory mechanisms.

iii. Innate immune system.

iv. Protein interactions – transcriptional conformational mechanism.

v. Gene – drug – designing. Molecule targeting under Genome.

vi. Natural receptivity associated proteins for immune protection imaging and mapping.

Professor Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani did his Ph.D from IVRI, Izatnagar in 1985 in Animal Reproduction / Gynaecology and got Dr. Med. Vet.**Additional Doc. Degree from Veterinary Institute, Deemed Univ. Hannover Germany in 1984 in the field of Animal Reproduction/ Production. He also earned DAAD Fellowship(Post Doc.) from German Academic Exchange, Hannover, Germany in Animal Breeding institute, Buetweg, Hannover,Germany and is currently Director Extension Education and Director SAMETI in the S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar ? Srinagar.

The author can be contacted at: P.O.Box: 461, GPO, Srinagar by post or mailed at wanimohyuddin@yahoo.com

Resume Objective Examples Customer Service

Tue, 02 Nov 2010 08:26:46 +0000

The reason is simple. If you are applying for a job that many others are applying for as well and you use phrases in your resume that are in everyone else’s resume as well, then the chances of you standing out from the crowd and thus becoming the frontrunner for the position you are after are going to be slim to none.

With the job market the way it is now and many people vying for the same job, it is more important than ever to make sure that not only is your resume up to date, but original and absent of overused resume phrases. Here are five overused resume phrase to avoid and how to re-word them:

1. Track record of success: Re-word as, ‘Consistently surpassed sales goals each and every year by more than 7 percent.’ Here you are saying the same thing only you are citing a specific example of why you are so successful.

2. Go-to person: Re-word as, ‘Selected by division manager on a consistent basis to head up special assignments.’ Again you are giving specific examples of why you are always the go-to guy instead of just stating that you are.

3. Team Player: Re-word as, ‘Strong commitment to a team environment with the ability to follow leadership directives if necessary.’ This shows that you can contribute, but that you can also follow directions if need be. Don’t use the word team player, unless you are talking about the Yankees.

Resume Creator Click here

4. Spoke with customers on a daily basis: Re-word as, ‘Interacted with clientele on a regular basis to create repeat business and referrals.’ You can add a specific number to that if you like but again you are getting a bit more specific. Saying it the first way is like, duh, of course you spoke to customers at your last job, that was your job.

5. Partnered with others: Re-word as, ‘Ability to work with a multitude of other from various departments in order to collaborate and implement new sales strategies and techniques.’ This shows that you not only play nice with others, but that you can be productive while doing so.

Always remember that your is your one and only tool to sell yourself enough to open the door to your dream job. Once you get the interview it is a different story, but you will never get that interview if you don’t know what resume phrases to avoid using. Put yourself in the interviewer shoes. Would you want to hire someone who stands out from the rest of the resumes and thus looks more like an individual who could possibly lead, or would you want to hire someone who says and acts like everyone else and reminds you of a single sheep in a massive herd? Don’t be a sheep, because sheep are followers and often times get lead to their own slaughter.

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Resume Examples Click here

5 Resume Phrases to Avoid

Mon, 01 Nov 2010 08:29:04 +0000

In your quest to find the ultimate job you have been told to keep your resume up to date and as interesting as possible, but have you ever been told that there are certain resume phrases to avoid all together? The reason is simple. If you are applying for a job that many others are applying for as well and you use phrases in your resume that are in everyone else’s resume as well, then the chances of you standing out from the crowd and thus becoming the frontrunner for the position you are after are going to be slim to none.

1.Track record of success: Re-word as, ‘Consistently surpassed sales goals each and every year by more than 7 percent.’ Here you are saying the same thing only you are citing a specific example of why you are so successful.

2.Go-to person: Re-word as, ‘Selected by division manager on a consistent basis to head up special assignments.’ Again you are giving specific examples of why you are always the go-to guy instead of just stating that you are.

3.Team Player: Re-word as, ‘Strong commitment to a team environment with the ability to follow leadership directives if necessary.’ This shows that you can contribute, but that you can also follow directions if need be. Don’t use the word team player, unless you are talking about the Yankees.

4.Spoke with customers on a daily basis: Re-word as, ‘Interacted with clientele on a regular basis to create repeat business and referrals.’ You can add a specific number to that if you like but again you are getting a bit more specific. Saying it the first way is like, duh, of course you spoke to customers at your last job, that was your job.

5.Partnered with others: Re-word as, ‘Ability to work with a multitude of other from various departments in order to collaborate and implement new sales strategies and techniques.’ This shows that you not only play nice with others, but that you can be productive while doing so.

Always remember that your resume is your one and only tool to sell yourself enough to open the door to your dream job. Once you get the interview it is a different story, but you will never get that interview if you don’t know what resume phrases to avoid using. Put yourself in the interviewer shoes. Would you want to hire someone who stands out from the rest of the resumes and thus looks more like an individual who could possibly lead, or would you want to hire someone who says and acts like everyone else and reminds you of a single sheep in a massive herd? Don’t be a sheep, because sheep are followers and often times get lead to their own slaughter.

Jason Kay is a professional resume writer and regular contributor to JobGoRound.com, which provides job search tips, interview advice, and resume service reviews.

Today?s ecological concerns- a case history of Ragisthan rain fed areas

Sat, 30 Oct 2010 08:27:58 +0000

Today’s ecological concerns

First the excessive use of fossil fuel and the resultant pollutants.

Under these concerns the livestock too are maligned .This paper attempts to mitigate some of the doubts by citing Indian facts and experiences.

India had ( 1992 censes )205 million cattle heads. This means hardly one for 5 persons. This 1:5 ratio is perhaps lesser than many advanced countries . The distribution of total livestock per sq km is more, it is true of the human population density too. A serious thinking on this sector is needed to undo the damages. An easy proposition can be to reduce the numbers and increase the per animal productivity.

The majority of our cattle are non descript .The percentage of crossbreds is increasing and the total number of livestock is decreasing at a faster rate. The production of milk is on the increase mostly due to production from the cross breds.

According to 1992 estimates the adult cows are 64 % of the total cattle population and 49% are still none descript .Only 6 % cross breds and 9 % are described breeds. The male numbers are decreasing due to mechanization.

Growth Rate

The annual growth rate over past few years has been under

5%. The indigenous cattle increased at a minimal of 0.12% ,indicating a shift towards more productive cattle with less numbers and thus an eco-friendly trend.

The 0.62 % Increase in cross breeds is 5 times more than the low producing one.It indicates a new shift towards organized exotic dairy farming,relieving pastores and grazing lands of the pressure of overstocking and a cleanenvironment.

The decease of unproductive cattle and increase in crossbreds is in past few years has resulted in the enhancement of per capita milk availability from few gms to nearly 210 gms at national level.The details are shown in Table 1.Some of the states like Punjab,Haryana,Rajasthan,Gujrat,Jammu and Kashmir and HP have more per capita availability than the norms established by Indian council of medical research.

The increase in breed able (0.57)and milch cattle (0.62)is faster than the males and unproductive ones.

By now the pool of 9 million cross bred cows must have doubled and the concomitant decease in the non descript cattle is and thus a decrease in total cattle heads is evident.Therefore India is marching towards a eco friendly cattle production inspite of its constitutional commitments and regulatory mechnism.

A few cruelty to animals and welfare issues have been analysed too and are showm as captions along with the deprived animals in these page.To highlight some of them –the male calf factor ,aged and unproductive animals left on roads and roaming free in the nomans land and streets have been documented in the figues and related captions.Detailed analysis are show in the presentation.

The production and per capita availability of milk and milk products is on rise with decreasing trends in the total livestock population. The 160 million non descript animals decreasing at faster rate shall make the number of cross breeds to increase our milk availability further

The bull calf factor in our economy is perhaps a negative factor needing attension.The fortification of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides have already decreased our production potential and soil water resource are at receiving end. The climatic pollution is here with loss of soil depth, low vegetation and soil erosions and low water levels.

Livestock as alternate and sustainable energy source

We have 21% Bullock power and 9% Buffalo bulls ploughing 100 million hectares of land mostly rain fed .They move 1.4 millions carts, herby saving 120 billion rupees and preventing toxic effulent emissions through non use of fossil fuel’.

Animal Draught power and envirnment

Our 83 million draught animals

contribute 30,000 mw ENERGY IN THIS TIME OF ENERGY CRISIS.

The work of 15 million tractors is being done by our bullocks.It saves us billions of foreign exchange .

The 7o million tons of cow dung used as fuel saves us 27 MT of kerosene and 68 MT of wood. Imagine so much of wood shall denude our 22% FORESTS AT A MUCH FASTER ARTE THAN EXPECTED. Our hill canopy was saved by planting orchards and other fruit and non fruit bearing plants. Likewise the environmental determents shall be replaced by recycling of the dung urine and the energy produced through bullock power.Surprisingly,even good % OF THE COWS is also used for ploughing.

? What should be our strategy

Set goals as per Our resource base ie Location specific strategy .

We have 29 breeds of cattle .Few (5 ) breeds are milk ones like the Gir (2-6 thousand KGS /LAC),sahiwal 2-4 thousand kgs/lac,Red sindhi 2-4 thousand kgs and Tharparkar with 1.8-3.5 thousand kegs /lact .The fat % ranges from 4-4.5%.The majority of them are heat and disease resistant. A cross bred cows averages slightly higher than 3000-6000 Litres per lactation but fat % varies around 3.5. If the milk is priced on per kg fat the margin of profits between these indigenous cows and the exotic cross breds shall not be much.The pressure on the environment and land is also less as these locals thrive on agricultural waste and need low expenditures.The intensive maize silage or green fodder in summer shall relieve pressure on water and land resources.If competitive cost of production and the sale value is the measure of comparison then differences may not be much. Even in the commercialized dairy farms of Punjab milk alone does not fetch profits to the farmer .The rising incidences of diseases may sink the profits and may be devastating like chemical farming in the past. Unfortunately the pseudo at the top either do not realize the gravity of biosafty or ignore it wittingly.

We have dual purpose breeds like Rathi,Doeni,Hariana,Kankrej,Ongole,Goaloo,Kridhna valley,Mewati,Sri,Bachour,Kharigarh,Unblachery.Ponwar,Vechoer and Pungannure.They gives 1800-3500 kgs /lac/

The Draught breeds are Kandhari,Nimari,Khillari,Amritmahal,Halikar,Nagore,Bargure,Nagore,Kenkatha,

To save the energy we may have to conserve and preserve the draught breeds. A mechanism of pooling the efforts through convergence by vet colleges, institutes, gowshallas and all others to utilise the vast resource is needed. We have fewer problems in small ruminants than in cattle. Here we have to make efforts to limit the numbers within the constituted act and writ of the nation and simultaneously utilize them for the draught purposes to save our energy resources. Who know the turn at the century we may revert back to draught animal power as the way of life. When fossil fuels get exhausted and are costlier.SMALL RUMINANT PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT

Sheep and goats in Rajasthan, district Johdpure, 0N 13-10-2009

ECO-FRIENDLY GRAZING

The picture shows sheep and goats grazing in a field which could not be used for crop cultivation due to lack of rains. The crops sown were hit by the severe drought .The minimal rainfall during June-September, 2009 could not survive the crops .All dried or did not germinate. One can see a bush type shrub called saniaa locally(Crotalania burtia) a leguminose family nitrogen fixing plant speices,, which feeds sheep and goats. Its sticks are used for thatching houses and also as firewood.

This is drought suited indigenous technology :ADOPTED AND LOCATION –SPECIFIC. Back on the fringes can be seen a plant called KHEJRI ,this thrives even in the deep desserts where rains are scantly, but its deep root system and tight leaf stomata helps it to thrive and with stand desert heat. It provides leaves as fodder to the sheep and goats, twigs cut every year to serve as fuel and shelter wood, its fruits used as vegetable and human food rich in proteins(see phographs and solar drinrg techniques below).It provides the desired shadow in the scorching heat if the deserts. The peculiar specific quality of this desert Queen in plant kingdom is that under its shadow the crops thrive better. I pondered on the observation of the village wise and got convinced .Otherwise from east to west and north to south of the globe the shadowy trees restrict crops under them .The reason being photosynthetic failures .Khejri has a vertical foliage cover and therefore does not restrict the full spectrum of sunlight under it.Thus helps to share sunshine with those underneath. I would name this a desert Queen as it looks like a majesty in the desert, feeds its deprived and allows its competitors to grow and thrive. I have not called d it King as kings of Jodhpur have often been warriors and war always brings destruction in a civilized nation. I would call it Jhoda baie queen, the grand majesty of the Akbar the great King whose wife was sober, faithfull and honourable JHODA BAI

sarah-mayam-paras-ganazfer-wani

China Leather Capital – Xinji

Sat, 30 Oct 2010 08:27:56 +0000

Xinji Leather Industry Overview

Xinji leather, started in Ming and Qing Sheng, with 400 years of history. Since reform and opening, Xinji the rapid development of leather industry, has invested 345 million U.S. dollars building a “Chinese Xinji Leather City” and “Xinji leather industrial zone” and realize the scale, intensive operations. 1438 the city has a leather company, of which 191 scale enterprises, employing 60000 people, the main production and operation of leather, fur, leather garments, fur garments, Nepal to overcome, fashion winter clothes, bags, gloves, wool collar and so on more than 200 a color varieties, forming a set of leather, clothing, workpiece, leather machinery, leather chemicals production and sales and marketing, raw leather trade, raw and auxiliary materials, modern logistics, information services, supporting the industry chain has become China’s largest Xinji leather production and sales center. The main products sheepskin garment leather and sheepskin garments represent China’s advanced level, the product coverage throughout the country, and exported to Russia, South Korea, Japan, Europe, Central Asia and other dozens of countries and regions. 2001 China Light Industry Association, China Leather Industry Association awarded Xinji “China’s leather capital of leather.” 2004 industry-wide sales income 928 million U.S. dollars, export 406 million U.S. dollars, leather has become the most prominent feature of Xinji pillar industries.

“China Xinji Leather City” was founded in 1993, the country’s largest trading center of Leather production. The total area of 100 hectares, construction area of 1.3 million square meters, total investment in fixed assets 170 million U.S. dollars, with 975 garment enterprises, 194 enterprises workpiece. 2004 Leather 6 million production of various kinds, workpiece 17 million (sets) of parts, sales income 480 million U.S. dollars. The main products are sheepskin garments, fur garments, Nepal to overcome four major categories of fashion more than 100 varieties of winter clothes. “Blue Beam” brand leather was awarded “China Famous Brand title”; “Bai LTL”, “according to Qi Lu” brand leather won the “National Inspection-free Product title”; “Seaman”, “blue beam” two brands of leather Continuous four won the “Top Ten Real leather king” title; 30 Leather Company 32 brands allowed Peigua Chinese leather logo, accounting for 25% of the total number of Peigua; 18 enterprises ISO9000 series certification. Leather City, Hebei Province, the Government has been awarded “Top Ten professional market” and “the development of specialized industry, well-known market”, by the State Ministry of Agriculture named the “National Demonstration Zone of township enterprises.”

Xinji Tanning Industrial Zone was founded in 1997, aided the United Nations environment-friendly industrial processing zones. The total area of 110 hectares, construction area of 90 million square meters, total investment of 160 million U.S. dollars, with 103 leather enterprises, of which 79 enterprises above designated size. In 2004 production of various types of sheep leather 36 million, the output value 448 million U.S. dollars. The past two years, has developed a leather garment leather, sofa leather, bag leather. Dongming Group, Bai LTL, macro the whole world, prance four companies permitted to wear “leather logo eco-leather” logo, accounting for 23.5%; five companies to obtain ISO9000 series certification. Tanning Zone has invested 22 million U.S. dollars building a plant level, district level, three leather municipal sewage treatment facilities, sewage all the discharge standards; use of the brick sidewalk to burn sludge dewatering, sludge treatment to reach the domestic advanced level. Tanning zones have become the country’s largest and best quality and most complete variety, the best tannery pollution control environmental base.

Xinji City Investment Environment

Xinji City, Hebei Province is located in the hinterland of the North China Plain, 65 km west of the provincial capital Shijiazhuang, south of Beijing, Tianjin and are 250 km, Shi-De Railway, 307 State Road, Shi-Huang east-west highway linking Beijing-Shenzhen Expressway, Shi-Tai high-speed Highway and Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Kowloon, Tianjin and Shanghai and three railway lines, airport, 70 kilometers away from Shijiazhuang, from Xinji to Tianjin port only three hours, to the Huanghua take a half an hour, the traffic is extremely convenient.

Xinji advanced telecommunications, communications convenient and efficient and complete facilities. At present, the total capacity of program-controlled telephone reached 13 million lines, the city’s fiber optic transmission network has covered the city’s urban and rural areas. The advanced fiber optic cable using SDH transmission equipment, and built a packet switching network, DDN digital data communications network, ISDN broadband and high-level Xinji CP, forming a high-speed, large capacity, interactive and modern information network.

Xinji well-developed financial sector, the four major state-owned commercial banks have branches in the city, business outlets throughout the city. Bank of applying high-tech means to handle the financial services yuan deposit, loans, settlement services; foreign currency savings business; international settlement business. Credit cards can also be used at the same time opened the e-banking and Bank-Securities Link business, nationwide deposit and withdrawal, convenient and efficient.

Xinji external trading environment is superior. Commodity Inspection companies in Hebei Xinji sales offices in the city formally and implemented a green label speedy customs clearance services, export products, thus further improving the working efficiency and shorten the time of export inspection and quarantine; Shijiazhuang Xinji Customs office in February 2004 officially launched Customs declaration service, so that the first one county, Hebei Xinji as foreign trade port.

Xinji of the business was flourishing, in order to attract more businessmen to invest in re-home, the city government adopted a resolution on the introduction of capital, to encourage the policy of attracting foreign investment, and investment, industry-oriented preferential policies to make provision for rights protection and so on and the implementation details. At the same time to further improve the efficiency of project approval and start construction, commissioning and operation to provide high quality full-service, set up a “Xinji City Administrative Service Center” and implement “one-stop time-limited project approval,” the leadership organization of the municipal concentration of office functions, time-bound approval by the service center is responsible for running Office, the entire follow-up service, timely coordinate and solve problems encountered in project implementation, thereby constantly for business to create a good external environment and the relaxed policy environment. Up to now, the city registered total of 35 foreign-invested enterprises to invest in the foreign city of Japan, the United States, South Korea, Egypt, Hong Kong, Taiwan, more than 10 countries and regions.

Xinji Garment Industrial Park construction project

Xinji is China’s largest trading center of the leather garment production and export processing base in 2004, garment exports maintained a strong momentum of development. China’s accession to WTO for foreign enterprises to China’s development and further opened the door for the “leather capital of China Leather” – Xinji City into an international production and sales of leather base to achieve among the major powers in the world leather cooperation among the powerful imperative. To this end, they planned for the east side of town in the leather covers 2,000 acres of “Xinji garment industrial zone”, focusing on the development of export leather garments, fur garments, leather gloves, high-grade wool, fashion winter clothes, leather furniture, leather accessories and other projects and strive to five years, the city of Xinji leather into the largest, domestic first-class, world-renowned Chinese and foreign leather garments, leather products production and marketing center.

Garment Industrial Park is located in Xinji City, north and south eastern section of the street and stability on both sides, and leather city linked to location and convenient transportation. Accommodate leather garments, leather goods and other relevant more than 80 processing enterprises, and supporting the building of living quarters, schools, exhibition centers and other financial services, telecommunications, commercial and service facilities. The proposed investment projects are as follows:

1, leather garment production project. China’s accession to WTO on Chinese and foreign companies jointly market the further development of Europe and the United States provides a good opportunity for development. Welcome Chinese and foreign Leather processing enterprises to set up factories processing zone, or with Xinji manufacturers to carry out various forms of business co-operation. Xinji by location and business environment, adequate quality of raw and auxiliary materials and labor resources, together on the great cause of Chinese and foreign leather.

2, garment textile composite fabric production project. Textile fabrics and fur, leather combination of materials to develop new production of Leather has become fashionable. Xinji enterprises to use foreign textile composite fabric and beaver rabbit skin, mink, blue fox and other fur products are the main materials of production in Nigeria, to overcome the sell very well, and has never favor of consumers at home and abroad, market development prospect is broad.

3, artificial fur fabric, all kinds of leather direct marketing project. The adoption of a new artificial fur fabrics for the leather apparel industry product structure adjustment, broadening the field of production and sales to drive the sustainable development of the leather garment industry. In recent years, imitation pig, cattle, sheep the first layer of suede, fake fur fabric and leather pigskin leather is very popular new type of garment. To further clear the supply and marketing channels, expanding trade, the establishment of large-scale direct marketing – leather are shopping. The market specialized in the wholesale, retail and a variety of new fabric, warm water and electricity fully furnished, well decorated, on concessional terms.

4, the international standard modern exhibition center project. Xinji is China’s largest sheepskin garment leather and sheepskin clothing production base and trade center, raw hides and skins, leather chemicals, leather machinery, sewing machines and a variety of raw materials, attached to the distribution center and an important sales market. Convention and Exhibition Center as a showcase for leather products and image of the place is the corporate brand image and expanding product awareness and conduct mutual exchanges and cooperation platform. Relying on industry advantage and market development exhibition economy has become a new highlight in the world economy and its vitality is growing. Convention and Exhibition Center is completed, may host a variety of exhibitions and leather products, display, exhibition, contractors at home and abroad leather professional meetings and events, with better economic benefits.

5, leather training center project. Construction of training center is the development of leather industry Xinji an important part of the current industry-wide shortage of high-quality entrepreneurial talents and enterprises, employing professional standard to be further improved. The face of global economic integration, the new situation, creating world-class enterprise, create world-renowned brand is imperative, therefore training of highly qualified personnel working there are broad prospects.

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